Module 6; Team Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 6 Team Leader - Essay ExampleIn the absence of wise and effective leadership, teams could exhibit purposeless behavior due to privation of purpose and direction. Nevertheless, there are specific styles and characteristics of leadership that favor the optimal functionality of teams (Sohmen, 2013). Similarly, teamwork cannot exist in the absence of reliable and favorable leadership. For optimal makeupal performance, teamwork and leadership must be coordinated and balanced.If I were in charge at my own organization, I would watch out for both negative and positive behaviors where I would work on eliminating the negatives and further strengthening the positive behaviors. The positive behaviors include belief where the employees believe that they have the capacity to endure the predetermined goals, focus in that the employees have understood the direction and that they show unified focus when working, and motivation where the employees are showing the need to succeed (Sohmen, 2013). The voltage negative behaviors would include competing factions among the team where members of a certain group are extremely passionate concerning their selected viewpoints as well as other behaviors that include lack of direction, belief and motivation. Identifying such behaviors would ensure that the leader has a picture of what is going on in the organization, which would help them in determining the next course of action. criterion team behavior is a challenging issue and requires appropriate skills to accomplish. To measure team behavior in my organization, I would first valuate their contribution to the organizations goals. If the team has been fulfilling its tasks as required and within the provided period, then the behavior of the team is good. However, if the opposite is true, then the team requires additional input. I would also assess their communication while they are working on a project. If the team is constantly arguing and conflicting over the

Gipsy and traveller community needs improving access to health care Essay

Gipsy and traveller community needs improving access to health cargon - Essay ExampleThe report recommends that the government should cash in ones chips more condition of these communities when making health related policies. The communities should as well be sensitized of the health risks that they face. The report also recommends that the living conditions of these communities are improved. They should also be encouraged to adopt permanent settlement.Gypsies and Travellers refer to the communities in the United Kingdom who lead a nomadic lifestyle. As nomads, they are expected to face miscellaneous health threats in their daily lives. Some of the health problems that they experience are even intensified by their way of life. There are very many an(prenominal) ways in which their health problems that they face are different from those faced by the general population (Cemlyn, Greenfields, Burnett, Matthews and Whitwell 2011, p.97). This can be a result of non-homogeneous factor s. This makes it necessary for a research to be carried out to look at the various health problems that are faced by these communities. This report is based on a research that was carried out to find out the actual health problems that gypsies and travellers face in their daily lives.There are various factors that are believed to collapse to the various health problems that Gypsies and Travellers face in the United Kingdom. These factors include their culture. Culture can affect how people from certain communities respond to health care services. It also affects how communities view health care services. The problems can also be attributed to by their way of life. Being nomads, they are likely to face certain health risks that are not faced by the general population. The conditions of the sites that they live in might also be a cause of some of their health. This would be in consideration of factors such as hygiene, access to clean waters, and sanitation (Carnwell & Buchanan

Outline the historical origins of neo-conservatism and critically Essay

Outline the historical origins of neo-conservatism and critically assess its key themes - Essay ExampleNeoconservatives in the beginning approached this standpoint from the left political wing, particularly in reponse to main changes in modernhistory of the United States. The majority of predecessors of neoconservativism were liberals or socialists who actively supported theWorld War II, and whose views were influenced by the Depression-era concepts of ex-New Dealers, Trotskyism pursuit and trade unionists, especially those who supported the political study of Max Shachtman. A number of future neoconservatives such as Jeane Kirkpatrick and Ken Adelman were Shachtmanites in their youth, while others were after involved with Social Democrats USA. Most neoconservatives, however, including those who have been close to SDUSA, will strenuously deny, even contrary to evidence, that they were ever Shachtmanites (Dean, 2004,p.65). Disagreement with Dtente with the USSR and the ideas of New Left, who were against both Soviet and capitalist ideologies, which occurred as a reaction to the USSRs break with Stalinism ideology in the middle of 1950s, led the Neoconservatives to break with liberal consent conventional in postwar years. The prototypical neoconservative intellectuals I.Kristol and N.Podhoretz were connected to with the magazine named Commentary, and their academic development is quite apparent in those publications of that period (Stelzer, 2004). Over the ply of the 1950s and early sixties the original neoconservatives rejected communism, but accepted socialism and supported Civil Rights Movement initiated by Martin Luter King, and integration.Whereas, at the beginning of its development, the ideas of neoconservatism became long-familiar among the followers of hardline Communists, usually Jewish immigrant families, who lived in great poverty and those who has now become famous neoconservative thinkers. Many neoconservatives also came to despise the countercu lture of the 1960s and what they felt was a

Critically evaluate the current status of the setting including policies and practices Essay Example for Free

Critically evaluate the current status of the setting including policies and practices EssaySelf-reflection is a very important utensil to be used in order to keep the nursery up to date with current legislation and to raise service standards. By regularly aspect at where we atomic number 18 as a setting we can ensure that we continue to offer high quality education to our children. Research has proven that self-reflection and military rank both support good practice within a setting as a part of continual development. Importantly this self-reflection supports good outcomes for children. (Barber and Paul-Smith 2009, pg. 8)We have been utilize Ofsted SEF to evaluate where we are doing well and assess where we need to improve. The self-evaluation form is designed to help early years providers to review and improve their practice, so that it is of the highest standard and offers the outgo(p) experience for young children. Importantly it is a useful tool for you and any assist ants or staff to evaluate the impact of what you do on childrens welfare, reading and development. (Ofsted 2009, pg.13)PEST ANALYSISPOLITICAL Politically unsettled Arab spring Benevolent dictatorship No pressure groups customary change of legislation just no clear guidelines No official body or organization to refer to Government policies are not consistent and not properly disseminatedECONOMICAL Unsecure pecuniary world markets Fluctuating exchange rates Expensive living Uncertainties in the economy No direct income taxes or VAT Several indirect taxes increase running costs Rapid expansion of azoic Years industry Increasing competitionSOCIAL Increasing number of working mothers Wider range of multitude Image of good standard of living and overall safety People moving and settling in the theatre of operations Increased focus on Early Years Education Attractive area for different nationalities Broad spectrum of curriculum covered in the countryTECHNOLOGICAL Easier information access (internet) Wider audience break ability to reach out to the Community Blogging (positive and/or negative) Personal Technology CCTV cameras(name of city) is a safe place, its economy is considered ever flourishing but due to the ongoing global economical crisis it has its financial restraints. This analysis has in like manner outlined how a business can be easily set up but also how difficult it is for it to thrive due to frequent changes in the legislation and the lack of consistent guidelines. Nevertheless, the increased interest in Early Years Education go away soon allow practitioners to offer to all children high standards of learning.SWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHS Well trained, qualified and experienced staff Impressive facilities Outstanding outdoor area Central location Extra-curricular activities Early years themed workshops and professional advisorsWEAKNESSES Turnover of staff due to economic situation Policies and Procedures (only few in place) Being tenant of the facili ties old(a) building badly maintained Lack of training opportunities Limited parental involvement Managerial limited decision making abilityOPPORTUNITIES Several merchandise options Exponential growth of market Partnership with professionals in childcare Diversified skills of staff with different backgrounds Wide professional networkTHREATS Extremely high hurt of rent Frequent new regulations with high implement costs New nurseries poaching staff and rising salary expectations Loss of key staff Frequent families relocations(name of nursery) is a newly established nursery in (name of city) that was initially planned with a greater focus on business rather than learning. Policies and Procedures were compiled and printed out hastily, without aggroup brainstorming or subsequent effective compliance. The absence of specific legal requirements in the country makes it possible for nursery and day cares to operate, though in the best interest of children, without proper policies and pr ocedures in place.Going through the process of self-evaluation has been the most valuable eye opener possible for me. I now know where we are and where we want to be. PEST and SWOT analysis haveallowed me to celebrate our strengths and pinpoint our weaknesses.Generally all policies willing need to be rewritten, implemented and properly disseminated, but priority will be given to Child Protection and Behaviour Management Policies. A Staff training plan also needs to be put in place in order to ensure high standards in care and education of all children. Last but not least, it will be paramount to monitor progress and ensure that our procedures reflect our policies and that good practice is consistent throughout the academic year by gathering march regularly.

Beautiful Things Essay Example for Free

Beautiful Things EssayThe poem A Thing of Beauty by John Keats conveys the message that Beauty is everywhere, and upon examination whitethorn be found. The theme of this work is largely centered on record, as were many another(prenominal) of Keats works. In this servingicular poem Keats describes the affects that beauty trick incur on a person. Some shape of beauty moves away the pall / from our dark spirits (12-13). According to Keats this beauty never diminishes and its affect is felt long later it is gone. Keats emphasizes that beauty is, Made for our searching, meaning that some people may find beauty in places that others may not (10). The theme of this poem is that beauty can be found anywhere, and when appraised can be used to raise your spirits in times of gloom. unity of the poetic elements Keats uses to express his theme is rhyme. One example of how rhyming can be helpful in conveying the meaning of the poem to the reader is found in the very first two lines of the poem. A thing of beauty is a joy forever / its loveliness increases it will never (1-2). Not only do these lines help the reader to agnise the theme of the work, the fact that they rhyme makes them even more meaningful. Another example of how Keats used rhyme to express his theme can be found in the very last line of the poem. The poem was written using rhyming couplets however the last line does not have another line afterward it with which to rhyme. They forever must be with us, or we die (33). This line stands out due to the fact that every other line in the poem is part of a rhyming couplet. By purposely having this line is the last line and by stopping the rhythm that had flowed throughout the poem Keats emphasizes his theme of a rent for beauty.Keats used many other poetic elements in this poem. One other poetic element used by Keats in this poem is imagery. Since the poem is roughly beauty it is important for imagery to be present in order to give the reader a menta l picture of what the speaker feels is beautiful. Such the sun, the moon, / trees old, and small sprouting a shady boon / for simple sheep and such are daffodils / with the green world they live in and clear rills (13-16). Within these lines the speaker describes things which he finds beautiful. It is imperative that these lines be present so that the reader can imaginethis beauty and begin to relate with the speaker. Enjambment was also used by Keats in the poem. Through the use of enjambment Keats is able to keep his rhyme scheme in tact while still conveying his theme. untill they become a felicitous light / unto our souls (30-31). The meaning of these lines are very important to the theme of the poem, however, without the use of enjambment Keats would have either had to sacrifice his rhyme scheme, or change the lines which could have potentially altered their meaning.Although much of the world has changed in the time between now and when the poem was originally written, the po ems theme still holds true today. With the growth of cities, and urban areas it has become much more difficult to appreciate nature and its beauty. However, even in cities today people can find places to get away and appreciate the nature around them. Such is the case in New York City where residents can travel to central park to immerse themselves in the beauty of nature and open up their souls to the, cheering light. Although it is still possible for people to appreciate nature as Keats did years ago, many people today are unconnected in the hustle and bustle of the city.The communicative power of nature will always be present for those who wish to observe it, as Keats did, however many people have become oblivious to nature, taking it for granted, and becoming overly obsessed with technology and the man made world in which they live. It is understandable that this has happened in the almost two hundred years since Keats has lived because of the evolution of our society. Although much of nature may go overlooked by some people it will always be there for those who wish to immerse themselves in its beauty.

Historical Book Analysis Assignment Essay Example for Free

Historical Book Analysis Assign manpowert EssayHi flooring, it has practically been said, is as much a story of individual masses as it is of places, events and larger circumstances. This is especially true when considering pivotal figures from American history, for in the stories of pivotal historical figures, the saga of the growth of America can often be seen. Such is the case with first lady, political activist and womens rights pioneer Abigail Adams and former American slave, orator and anti-slavery advocate Frederick Douglass.It is with these two prominent historic figures in mind that two historical books about them, Dearest Friend A Life of Abigail Adams and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave go out be discussed. Upon conclusion of the research, not only will two historical icons be better understood, but also, two key works about these people will be as well. Main Character of Each Work As was mentioned in the Introduction to this paper, t wo historical books as well as the people who were the main characters of those books would be discussed.Understanding the books first requires an understanding of the backgrounds of each of these main characters respectively. Abigail Adams, for all of the achievements that her life would hold, was not the product of fine universities or finishing schools rather, she was for the roughly part an educated woman, and some(prenominal)one who possessed a great deal of inner drive and instinct, which more than made up for the lack of formal education.The married woman of John Adams, who was a founding father of the United States and would eventually become president of the nation, Abigail managed the family farm, took care of the children, and showed a great streak of independence while John, other(a) in his political career, was compelled to travel internationally. Abigail shared her husbands passion for American independence, with one glaring exception- she did not subscribe to the i dea that all men were created equal. For Abigail, there certainly was room to tolerate slavery, but this is not to say that Abigail felt the kindred about gender issues.One could jolly classify Abigail as a feminist, which she continued to advocate when she accompanied her husband to the White House. Overall, while not perfect, Abigail Adams contributed a great deal to the cause of womens rights and by some accounts, aided her husband significantly during his presidency (Withey). Like Abigail Adams, Frederick Douglass was not the most formally educated man, but through sheer determination and a risque level of natural intelligence, in time became one of the most articulate men in America, slave or free (Douglass).Early evidence of Douglass impetuous for freedom and equality in a nation which promised this but only delivered to select races can be seen in his escape from slavery and refuge in northern free territory as a young man. This escape not only allowed him to pursue his ow n destiny, but also allowed him to seek the same for every man, with the abolition of slavery as Douglass main ambition. In fact, it was Douglass personal experience as a slave which gave him the credibility and passion that he postulate in order to be able to see the abolition of slavery to completion.Historical Events that Involved the Main Characters of Each Work When comparing Adams and Douglass, it can fairly be said that each of them were similarly exposed to extraordinary circumstances that inspired them to action, while being impaired to a certain extent by limitations that society attempted to place on them. In both cases as well, each of these individuals used that adversity not as a roadblock to futurity progress, but as a catapult to bigger and better things.Abigail Adams entered the stage of American history at a time when the role of the president as well as first lady was far from well defined, as well as a time when women were largely regarded as subordinates to th eir husbands and not becoming of equal opportunities or education. In the midst of all of these circumstances, Adams devoted a great deal of her energies in assisting her husband-some say too much- in the duties of the presidency and pin down the protocol for first ladies to come. Also, Adams chose as her cause the equality of women in all areas of society, making her an early pioneer for womens equality.Like Adams, Frederick Douglass came upon the American scene at a time when pivotal issues were still undecided for all of the talk of liberty and justice for all, Douglass had to flee from an environment whereby he was owned, like property, by some other human being, as were tens of thousands of other African-Americans. Also, Douglass fearlessly spoke out against the evils of slavery, and became an influential resource for none other than Abraham Lincoln, who would become known in history as The Great Emancipator.

Culture Is Separated Into Two Aspects Management Essay

burnish Is Separated Into Two Aspects Management EssayThe Oxford mental lexicon defines flori last as ideas, usage, and social behaviour of a particular people or society the stances and behaviour char doingeristic of a particular social mathematical group. Culture arouse non be precisely defined, but it may be sensed and felt. Mobley, Wang and Fang (2005) overly states that glossiness provides direction to peoples behaviours, in visible and sometimes unnoticeable ways and it late influences decision-making.Culture is separated into 2 aspects which are visible and infrared. Visible aspects include the appearance of a person or what food does he consume. While invisible aspects include the importance of religion, beliefs in a society or the thoughts and feelings people claim ab pop certain issues.In the global market today, acculturation is an in-chief(postnominal) aspect to multi discipline companies (MNCs). Apart from serving a diversified marketplace, MNCs would als o be existing of varied studyities. As such, companies are faced with the challenges of serving and managing a culturally diverse workforce. In addition, doing cable on a global basis requires a good projecting of contrastive lasts. Failure to understand cultural deviations can lead to serious consequences such as an imp movement on the attach tos business dealingships with overseas customers, clients and employees and bad public relations. Culture also shapes the way people do business across inter bailiwick borders. Same organizations of different nationalities may operate differently due to their conclusion and this impact on policies, communication strategies, organizational structure, and merciful resources management. Organizations particularly MNCs can no longer afford not to consider the culture of the countries where they operate in.Thus, the main objective of this essay is to critically evaluate that culture is the most important situationor in shaping and h istorying for international struggles in employment relations. The essay will be evaluating culture through national culture and organisational culture. In national culture, it will begin by comparing and contrasting three different countries (France, china and lacquer) with their distinct national cultures in employee relations victimisation the Hofstedes six cultural dimensions with case studies of Dan unmatched Vs Wahaha and Renault Vs Nissan. The two case studies will then illustrate the importance of national culture to organizations and employment relations.In the chip part, the essay will be evaluating the importance and the need of an organisational culture. It will further evaluate organisational culture by using Edgard Scheins Three Levels of Culture with an example of Google as a case study.Lastly, it will contain of by discussing the other(a) underlying factors that also help in shaping and delineateing for international differences. It will also conclude with r ecommendations and the rationale why culture is the most important factor.National CultureHofstede (1991) dened national culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or people from another. It implies that the people share a collective national character that represents their cultural mental programming which is a align of norms, behaviours, beliefs and customs that exist inwardly the population of a sovereign nation. Hofstede also claims that any national population shares a unique culture.However, in the recent years, many MNCs promote not yet grasped the culture of the clownish which they are operating or selling their products in. By using case studies of Danone Vs Wahaha and Renault Vs Nissan in this essay, it will attempt to oppose the vast differences in national culture surrounded by France, chinaware and Japan using Geert Hofstedes 6 dimensions of defining and interpreting culture.First Case Study Wahaha Vs DanoneIn 1996, Chinas Hangzhou Wahaha food group, Frances Danone group and Hong Kongs Bai fu qin corporation decided to form a articulatio venture named Wahaha. In this joint venture, Danone attempted to enter the china market using Wahaha brand that is well-received by the Chinese. However, problems surfaced when Danone became the biggest shareholder in 1998 thus producing resentment from the Chinas Wahaha group as they felt that Danone misled them from the beginning. To worsen the problem, Hangzhou Wahaha food group that is managed by Chairman Zong was accuse of br to each oneing the contract by establishing non-joint ventures which infringed the interests of Danone, claiming that the Hangzhou Wahahas establishment of the non-joint ventures and the illegal use of the Wahaha trademark has violated the clause in the contract. After which Wahahas Chairman Zong was sued by Danone in California and Italy, he pass waterd a series of weakened companies producing the same products as the joint venture. The Wahaha Vs Danone case has significantly depicted a dispute in the midst of ownership rights. Conflicts between Danone and Wahaha may be caused by unawareness of the cross cultural differences between France and China.Second Case Study Nissan Vs RenaultNissan, a Japanese beau monde and Renault, a French club decided to come together to work on a joint object. Both companies were well known for their distinct corporate cultures and brand identity. The joint project was formed as both companies shares a single joint of strategy for profitable growth and community of interest. However, Nissans management style strongly encouraged group performance while Renault focalizationes on several(prenominal) performance. Communication between the top management and employees were unclear and indirect, therefore resulting in misunderstanding within the company.The conflict between the 2 partners was due to Nissans employees assuming that Renault was similar to them that encoura ge group performance. However, Renaults management style belongs to a much more individualistic approach, making the Nissans employees felt ill-fitting of having the feeling of losing their family atmosphere. Communication between the Nissan employees and Renault employees broke down Nissan did not understood what were Renaults main objectives and their company goals in their partnership with Nissan. Some of the Nissans managers felt frustrated and unconnected to the introduction of Renault representative on Nissans board. The managers were old employees, and they felt that employees should be promoted according to their seniority sooner of individual performance. The equipment failure of communication is also caused by the differences in their language. With such a significant difference in their management style, there is a need in cross cultural awareness for the business joint venture to be a successful one.Geert Hofstedes Six DimensionsAccording to Geert Hofstedes cultural research studies, culture can be classified into six different dimensions office surmount, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism Vs Collectivism, Masculinity Vs femininity, spacious term orientation Vs Short term orientation. The table below illustrates for France, China and Japan.FranceChinaJapanPower Distance688054Uncertainty Avoidance863092Individualism Vs Collectivism712046Masculinity Vs Femininity436695Long Term Orientation Vs Short term Orientation3911880 discover 1.0 Scores allocated to the different dimensions for France, China and JapanPower DistancePower distance can be defined as all individuals in societies are not equal it expresses the attitude of the culture towards inequalities among us. Power distance can be defined as to the extent to which the less powerful expects and accepts that power is distributed unequally. (Geert Hofstede,2001 )In comparison of France, China and Japan, China belongs to a society where the people believes that inequalities is acceptabl e, there is a presence of a powerful employer-subordinate relationship which the subordinate will abide all rules and regulations set by the employer.France on the other hand may be prone towards a more hierarchical organization system where the attitude towards managers are more formal.Japan belongs to a more hierarchical society where the Japanese should be conscious of their hierarchical position in any situations. All decisions must be reviewed by each level of the management and finally the top management.Individualism Vs CollectivismIndividualism can be identified as the high degree of liberty a society maintains among its members. It relates to peoples self image in terms of I while Collectivism can be identified to be the opposite. In a individualist society, people tends to only look after themselves and their direct family while a collectivist society consists of people be to a group that takes alimony of them in exchange for their loyalty.(Geert Hofstede,2001)Comparing the 3 countries, there is a significant difference China belongs to a highly collectivist country where people act at an interest of a group. In this norm, personal relationships prevail over the task and company.However in France, there is a certain degree of independency a society maintains among its members. The French prefers individual and private opinions and work relationships between the employer and employees are contract establish where everyone focal point on the task itself. Communication within an individualist company would be direct where everyone gives their opinions freely if they do not agree. Referring back to the Nissan Vs Renault case, it has clearly shown that Renault (France) encouraged a more individualist approach by promoting individual initiatives and hoped that the employees are promoted through individual performance. Direct contacts between the top management and employees were encouraged in their individualistic approach.Japan similar to China belong ing to a highly collectivist society, this can be shown through putting their harmony of group above the expression of individual opinions and the Japanese kick in a strong sense of shame for losing face. In the Nissan Vs Renault case, Nissans employees feel that it is important to have a family atmosphere in their working surround. The managers of Nissan felt frustrated and opposed to the entry of Renault as they felt that promotions should be done according to seniority, not individual performance.Masculinity Vs FeminityMasculinity Vs Feminity is another dimension where we can infer that a manlike society will be driven by competition, achievement and success. It is a value system that starts in the school and continues throughout organizational behaviour. On the contrary, a feminine society will be driven by caring for others and quality of life. It is one where quality of life is sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. (Geert Hofstede, 2001)In China, leisure time is not as important compared to the status and better salaries. Such examples can be found in students as they care very much about their exam scores and ranking as the main criteria to achieve success or not.France belongs to a comparatively feminine society. It may be due to their famous welfare system, securit sociale where the French are only required to work 35 working hours per week and entitle to 5 weeks of holidays per year. France cares greatly for their quality of life and focuses more on work in order to live the reverse. Competition in the working environment is commonly not encouraged and flashy signs of success should not be shown in the public. In the Renault Vs Nissan case, Nissan is shown to treat males and females equally. Some of the female employees were offered several managerial positions in the company.Japan, a total opposite from France has a highly manful culture. It is usually shown through competitive situations between groups, not individ uals. Their famous workaholism is another expression of their highly masculine culture. In Japan, women find it difficult to climb the corporate ladder due to their masculine norm of long working hours. Contrasting Renault in the case study, Nissan belongs to a masculine company which managerial positions are only offered to the male employees, not the female workers.Uncertainty AvoidanceUncertainty avoidance has to do with how the society deals with the fact that their future will not be known. The unknown elements will bring about ambiguity and different cultures will react to the ambiguity in different ways. The uncertainty avoidance can be defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feels threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these. (Geert Hofstede, 2001)High degree of ambiguity can be seen from the Chinese as their language is often full of ambiguity that can be seen as confusing for the westerners. It is shown that the Chinese are comfortable with ambiguity and seem to be adaptable and entrepreneurial. 70% 80% of Chinese businesses tend to be small to medium sized and family owned.France on the other hand tends to have their training done in a deductive approach. In the management level, rules and securities are matchd to create a stress free working environment and a certain level of expertise are welcomed. A change of policies can also be seen as a stressful event.Japanese is one of the few countries that have the highest uncertainty avoidance score. It may be due to the fact that Japan is ceaselessly threatened with natural disasters such as earthquake, volcanoes eruptions that most Japanese are always prepared in any kind of situations. In the business environment, a lot of time and private road are put into feasibility studies and all the risk must be worked out before the project can proceed.Long term Vs Short term orientationIn the Long term Vs Short term orientati on, a long term orientation can be seen closely related to teachings of Confucius and can be separately interpreted as dealing with societys search for virtue. Long term orientation can be defined as the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic future orientated perspective while Short term orientation shows a formulaic historical short term point of view. (Geert Hofstede, 2001)China belongs to a long term orientated society whereby persistence and perseverance is normal. The Chinese are deliberate and tends to invest in long term projects such as real estate. They also recognized that the government is by men rather than being influenced by external factors such as god or the laws.France on a contrary is a short term oriented society there is a great assess towards traditions, cultures and their language. In business related issues, the French tends to focus on short term results and therefore, companies are usually driven by quarterly results. They do not focus on saving an d the management style is based on self-reliance, personal achievement, impenetrable work and managers are judged based on short term results.In Japan, people lives their lives guided by virtues and good examples in life. There is a hint of long term orientation in the constantly high rate of investment in RD, even through difficult times. This is for the sake of a steady growth for market share instead of a quarterly profit, thus increasing durability of the company, serving the stakeholders and the society for many generations to come.Figure 2.0 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions table for France and ChinaFrom the graph above, it shows that the cultural differences between France and China are distinctly different in the different dimensions. The graph implicates the importance of focusing on the awareness of cross cultural differences between the 2 country in order for the joint venture between Wahaha and Danone to be a successful one. In the case study, Danone, the French company m ay not understand the ambiguity in how the Chinese operates in Wahaha and thus misinterpreted their good intentions. Likewise, for Hangzhou Wahaha, it is founded by the Chairman Zong who started the company from a small company which may be very much more family-owned. Chairman Zong may not have a vast understanding of how international joint ventures works and can end up leading to bigger misunderstanding and conflicts which results in failure of the joint venture or business attempts.An example from the case study Zhang Cheryl(2001) stated that the interpretation of losing control is different between the western society and china. In the western society, losing control may not be treated at a personal level. However, losing control in china is meant as losing face, which would refer to losing the power to make decisions which puts Chairman Zong of Wahaha in a disrespectful situation among his employees. Wahaha therefore insist to runs unremarkably in their daily operations in order to keep their face. To worsen the situation, Wahaha perceived it was losing face when Danone established other IJVs with their competitors resulting in Wahaha being less motivated to settle their conflicts and disputes between each other. From the case study, we have seen how important cross cultural awareness is in shaping and cultivating a good business attempt.Figure 3.0 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions table for France and JapanIn comparison of France and Japan, there is a significant difference in the 6 dimension index from Hofstedes theory. In the Nissan Vs Renault case, the difference in management style, breakdown of communication, different cultural values and language barrier are factors which may have caused a conflict between the two companies.One of the major problems may be the different management style where Nissan is works in a family like atmosphere. However, Renault focuses on individual performance where an individual only cares about their own results. Niss an can also be seen as a more masculine society which managerial positions are only offered to male employees while Renault treats all employees as equal and it can be shown that several managerial positions were taken up by female employees. In such a different cultural environment, it is important that both companies should have cross cultural awareness for the business venture to be successful.Therefore, it is crucial for MNCs to be exposed to the different international cultural differences as in their daily operations they are exposed to multiple national cultures. This suggests that managing across borders introduces substantial complexity because it forces multinationals to attune their practices and approaches to each and every cultural context they operate in.Edgard Scheins Three Levels of CultureApart from Geert Hofstedes 6 dimensions of defining culture, there is another famous culture theorist, Edgard Schein that devotes all his effort into comparing and identifying the organizational cultural differences. According to Edward Schein(1992), Organizational learning, development, and planned change cannot be understood without considering culture as the primary source to change. Schein has categorized culture into 3 different levels Artifacts, Espoused Values, Basic assumptions and values.Figure 4.0 Three Levels of Culture(Schein, 2004, Organizational culture and leadership, 27)Schein defined that culture is first seen through artifacts such as optical organizational structures or tangible items. at a lower placelying artifacts is the values such as strategies, goals and philosophies. The core of the 3 levels would be assumptions such as taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings through experience.Through the case studies, it has implied that each country has a unique cultural perspective and approach to certain situations and hence it is important for companies to strive to understand and behave relevant programs or strategies in each region. Failure to appreciate and account for them can lead to issues like strain relationships in employment relations, communication breakdown between management team and drag down business performance.Newman Nollen (1996) also state that there is no one best way to manage a business. Differences in national cultures call for differences in management practices. One of their conclusions also states the importance of the congruence between management practices and the national culture should be in harmony in order to produce better performance outcomes, therefore pinpointing in another way the importance of cultural differences. Therefore, the management of a company should pay extra attention to national cultural differences as it may influence the effectiveness of the strategies and decisions that the company makes.Based on Geert Hofstedes research on national culture, he has demonstrated that organizations can also no longer ignore the impact of national cultures on or ganizations cultures particularly for MNCs. Therefore it is clear that in authoritative times, the implementation of positive organizational cultures and effectively merging of national cultures into organizational culture is critical for positive business performance.Therefore as a start, MNCs should understand and be aware of the different types of national culture as well as adopting a fitting organizational culture themselves to account for international culture differences in employment relations.Organisational CultureGreenberg and Baron (1997) define organizational culture as a cognitive framework consisting of attitudes, values, behavioural norms, and expectations. These values stated have a strong influence on employees behaviours, thinking, and behavioural patterns which in turns encourages diversity and adaptability to support its performance. Organizational culture is also an effective control mechanism for managing employee behaviour. In an organization with different n ationalities, the company would need to foster a common diversity culture in the company to create a mutual respect for each and every different employee which may in turn enhance their full potential. A strong organizational culture is a primary origin of real motivation and commitment and has a unique absorptive power to congregate people (Mobley, Wang and Fang, 2005).Therefore, this is a need for an organizational culture that fits to the needs of the company and its employees. Now, using a case study on Google in this essay, it will attempt to evaluate how Google makes use of national culture and their organizational culture to account and shape for international differences using Edgard Scheins Three Levels of Culture theory.Third Case Study GoogleGoogle is a worldwide company that has strong practices in diversity. Google culture revolves well-nigh their mission to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful. (Corporate Information, 2011) Goo gle consists of a diversity of staffs, supporting various cultural norms. Through this cultural norm, they encourage and support the diversity of its customers and employees.Google consist of bilingual employees catering to their diverse consumer base. In fact, Statistics shows that more than half of the results Google provides to its customers are outside of the US. (Corporate Information, 2010). Diversity is distinct in Google such as their employees, offices, products, and customers. By understanding national culture and accepting the different nationalities differences, Google leverage and make use of the different skill sets of each employees.Googles CultureAs Google consist of a diverse staff group, it shows the importance of having a strategically appropriate culture, a culture which will fits the needs of the organization, its employees and the marketplace.At Google, we dont just accept difference we thrive on it, we celebrate it, and we support it for the benet of our empl oyees, our products, and our community. (Google Annual Report, 2010) Google has embraced diversity and integrated it into their culture and into their core culture statement.The manifestations of Googles culture are analyzed by evaluating the artefacts at Google (Gagliardi, 1992). Through looking at the various aspects of Google, it is shown that Google has an integrated and informal culture (Martin, 1992), which comprises of four key elements.MissionInnovationFunRewardvictimization Edgard Scheins Three Levels of Culture, it is first defined and seen through the artefacts such as visual organizational structures or tangible items. Google supports diversity of norms in each office by utilizing their office and cafes. They are designed to encourage interactions between employees within and across teams, and to spark conversation about work as well as play. well-disposed interactions stimulate knowledge and learning breakthroughs. Without communication, there is no way to express thou ghts, ideas, manage differences and feelings. Communication plays an important role in keeping and maintaining values and relationships obligatory to keep the system of the organisation united.The next level of culture would be the exposed values which are the strategies, goals and philosophies. Daft (2003) stated that managing a global environment requires managers to have the ability to manage change through innovation and creativity. Therefore, the employees in Google are motivated to contribute their suggestions and ideas. Most of Googles work are project based hence employees are required to team up and pursue the project. The team may consist of a diverse group of members. Through the concept of a group project, members would then need to learn to accept one another and work together. This enhances the communication between Googles employees and hence they share a unified common goal and vision. However, conflicts between the employees are bound to happen in project based wor k. Therefore, conflict management between employees and respect for cultures must be merged and organized for the many cultures and diversities.One strategy that Google implement is to create awareness of international national differences is by organizing national cultural events such as The sixth Sense Diversity Week in India and Diwali and Google Mela to develop cultural intelligence to the employees and international cultural competence. The purpose of these cultural events is that the employees would generate a culture-specific understanding of the other and positively regard of the other. Through these events, it will groom and educate the employees on cultural awareness.During such events, Googles employees are able to interact and appreciate each others culture consequently, an accommodating culture and organizational behaviour is then established within the organization.The next level of culture would be the assumptions such as taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoug hts and feelings through experience. Googles employees are passionate and self-motivated, and the company empowers them to a certain degree to make responsible decisions. Therefore, employees could get an equal and fair opportunity to innovate and relinquish their imagination and ideas through their meetings.After analyzing all of Google culture characteristic, using Deal and Kennedy model of organizational culture (Deal and Kennedy, 1982), Google most likely falls into the work hard/play hard culture. Characteristics of the culture include high levels of activity and where employee has to take few risks and these characteristics are clearly reflected in Google.Through the concept of organizational culture on how they are establish and reinforce, it will make a big difference in the way employees act and in the way the organization act as a whole when ethical dilemmas are faced. Through cultivating a fitting culture from the start, the organization and the employees will have a sha red set of understandings about what is correct behaviour and how ethical issues will be handled. Therefore, if a company would to embrace and be accepting to international culture from the start, this will account and shape the employees to be more accepting to cultural differences and hence improve employment relations.Therefore, it is proposed that companies should ensure mentoring their employees through guidance coaching of the culture and encourage bond and communication between levels of management and their employees.Also managers that have to work across different countries are required to understand the importance of national culture and organisational culture as well. Gabriel (1999) states that managers have to also recognise and build on cultural particularities, adapting organisational products and policies to local cultures and managing employees in a manner appropriate to their culture.It is beneficial to understand the country culture and the organisations culture. The country may have its own set of framework and culture in which they operate in. This will impact and forces multinationals to attune their practices and approaches to each and every cultural context they operate in. Different companies may operate things differently due to their home countrys culture and thus causing an impact on policies, communication strategies, organizational structure, and human resources management. By understanding and managing these cultural differences, it will be a vital ingredient of organisational success.Other FactorsIn this essay, it has stated the importance of national culture and organisational culture in how they account and shape for international differences in employment relations. However, other factors such as economic, social, political, and technological factors may also relieve oneself an impact on international cultures. Amongst the different factors, economic, political and technological factors are identified to be one of the most i mportant factors that affect international differences.stinting FactorsEconomic factors like globalization are one of the factors affecting international employee relations. Through effects of globalization where companies may become more advance, the management has to ensure that the skills processed by the employees are compatible with those required in the market to meet the customer needs. Globalisation will increase the competitiveness and inequality among the countries. Under globalisation, industries and services move from one country to another, thus restricting opportunities for permanent employment relationships to the benefit of economic performance. To improve their competitiveness, many MNCs sought to relocate their business operations to countries where labour is cheaper and workers are less protected and hence neglected employment relation to focus more on the performance of the company.Technological Factorssometimes companies that undergo technological developments h ave destroyed jobs as they undergo aggressive growth and rapid expansion. This may make it necessary for its human resources department to focus on recruitment and staffing internationally and locally. Therefore a company may have its problems to expand and recruit new employees, as it may need to focus its recruiting efforts outside the region if the labour pool is not large enough. Companies may also make specific requirements for a job where the applicant is required to take in a certain degree of skills or nationality and this in turn affect employment relations.Political FactorsThese reg